Preheat and prep the pan: Heat the oven to 325°F (165°C). Use an ungreased 10-inch tube pan. Do not line or butter it; the batter needs to cling to the sides to rise properly.
Make the blueberry puree: Blend blueberries until smooth.
Strain through a sieve to remove skins. Measure out 1/4 cup. If using frozen berries, thaw first and drain excess liquid.
Combine dry ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk cake flour, cornstarch, half the sugar (about 3/8 cup or 75 g), baking powder, and salt until evenly mixed.
Whisk the yolk mixture: In another bowl, whisk egg yolks, oil, milk, vanilla, lemon zest, lemon juice, and the 1/4 cup blueberry puree until smooth and slightly frothy.
Make the batter base: Pour the yolk mixture into the dry ingredients.
Whisk gently just until no dry streaks remain. The batter will be light purple and pourable.
Prep the egg whites: In a clean, grease-free bowl, beat egg whites on medium speed until foamy. Add cream of tartar.
Gradually sprinkle in the remaining sugar while beating.
Whip to medium-stiff peaks: Increase to medium-high and beat until glossy peaks hold a shape but the tips still curl slightly. Avoid overbeating; dry clumpy whites won’t fold well.
Fold the meringue: Add one-third of the whipped whites to the batter and fold with a spatula to lighten. Gently fold in the remaining whites in two additions, sweeping the spatula down and around, rotating the bowl.
Keep as much air as possible.
Add the blueberries: Toss the whole blueberries with a teaspoon of flour to help suspend them, then fold them in gently. Don’t overmix; streaks are fine.
Fill the pan: Pour the batter evenly into the ungreased tube pan. Use the spatula to smooth the surface and tap the pan once on the counter to pop any large bubbles.
Bake: Bake at 325°F (165°C) for 45–55 minutes.
The top should be springy and a skewer should come out clean. If the top browns too quickly, tent loosely with foil for the last 10 minutes.
Invert to cool: Immediately invert the pan onto a bottle or its built-in legs and cool completely, 1–2 hours. This prevents collapse and keeps the crumb tall and even.
Release the cake: Once cool, run a thin knife around the edges and center tube.
Lift out the inner piece, then run the knife under the base to release.
Finish and serve: Dust with powdered sugar. Serve plain or with whipped cream and extra blueberries. Slice with a serrated knife using a gentle sawing motion to avoid squishing the crumb.